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Influence of microchimeric cells on tumor growth
Šimková, Lucie ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Peltanová, Barbora (referee)
Microchimerism is caused by the presence of few genetically different cells in the human body. Microchimerism can arise, for example, during pregnancy, during which the bilateral cell migration occurs. The maternal cells that the child acquires during pregnancy and subsequent breastfeeding help to shape its immune system, for example. Blood transfusion or transplantation is another possibility for microchimerism. Microchimeric cells can be stored in an individual's body for decades and can thus also affect their health. These cells have stem cell-like attributes that allow them to incorporate into the damaged tissue. As a result, they can have a positive effect on tissue repair, but they can also cause autoimmune diseases or influence the development or suppression of cancer.
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The impact of chimerism in DNA-based forensic analysis
Kalousková, Martina ; Šimková, Halina (advisor) ; Vaněk, Daniel (referee)
The presence of two or more zygotically distinct lineages in a single person refers to chimerism. All types of chimerism have positive as well as negative impact on health of human chimeras. Both congenital and acquired chimerism must be taken into account in diagnostics, genetics but also in the forensic DNA analysis. This phenomenon has impact on the results of individual identification and kinship determination. With the forensic analysis it is possible to detect chimerism of people under investigation. Even though these situations are rare, some cases of wrong identification proving the consequences of the chimerism are recorded.
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The impact of maternal-fetal microchimerism on the development of the offspring's immune system
Malinská, Nikola ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Balounová, Jana (referee)
Maternal-fetal microchimerism is a phenomenon in which maternal cells migrate to the offspring's tissue during both pregnancy and breastfeeding. These cells are mainly leukocytes and stem cells. These maternal cells have functional potential in the offspring and influence, among other things, the development of their immune system. The main cell population detectable in various tissues of the offspring are T lymphocytes. These maternal T lymphocytes not only have effector function, but also influence the development of the offspring's T lymphocytes in the thymus or maturation of offspring's B lymphocytes in the lymph nodes. Migration of maternal leukocyte also leads to transfer of immune memory through generations. Maternal microchimerism is also capable of balancing immunodeficiencies of the offspring. Maternal cells expressing IL-2 were detected in mice deficient in IL-2 and maternal IgG secreting plasma cells were found in offsprings deficient in B cell. This work is focused on the influence of maternal cells transported within maternal microchimerism on the development of the offspring's immune system as well as the effector functions of maternal cells migrating through the placenta and breast milk to the offspring.
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MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model as a suitable tool for quantitative gut immunology under conventional and germ-free conditions
Tušková, Liliana ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Filipp, Dominik (referee)
Germ-free animals have been used to study the effects of microbiota for several decades. In that time, numbers of differences from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) animals have been reported, including differences in absolute numbers or percentages of various immune populations, enormously enlarged coecum and lack of germinal centers. However, many of the crucial information about structural and functional differences in their secondary lymphoid organs still remains uncovered. With novel microscopical approaches, such as light sheet fluorescent microscopy, enabling 3D visualization of whole samples without processing them to a series of slides, and multicolor cytometry, allowing the characterization of numbers of cellular populations within a matter of seconds and in a highly quantitative manner, the uncovering of fundamental differences finally seems to be within reach. MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model brings the advantages of a fluorescent protein expressed in physiological histological contexts into both fields. Lymphoid and other tissues can be visualized microscopically without the need of staining (even in vivo). Information about the expression of both plasma membrane-localized and intracellular MHC II in various tissues could be acquired directly. Combining MHC II-EGFP knock-in mouse model with...
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Maternal and fetal microchimerism.
Hynková, Marie ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Pačes, Jan (referee)
Microchimerism is defined as the presence of small amount of genetically distinct cells in one individual. It most often arises during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It can also arise from blood transfusion or organ transplantation. During pregnancy there occurs a bidirectional migration of cells through the placenta between the mother and the fetus. Cells which are transferred during pregnancy and breastfeeding can persist in the offspring until adulthood. During breastfeeding, a big number of immune cells is transferred to the offspring via mother's milk. These cells protect the offspring against pathogens and are involved in modulation of its immune system. Fetal cells persist in mother organism even decades after giving birth and can have long-lasting effect on mother's health condition. These fetal cells can help to regenerate mother's damaged tissues, but they can also contribute to the development of serious autoimmune diseases.
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Study of the materno-fetal microchimerism of the APC using MHCII/EGFP mouse model and clearing histological techniques
Knížková, Karolina ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Schwarzer, Martin (referee)
Microchimerism arises from the exchange of cells between genetically distinct individuals. The coexistence of genetically distinct cell populations within a single organism has possible effects on health and functioning of individuals immune systems, but the exact mechanisms of action are often not yet known. With the development of microscopic technologies and software for data analysis, the possibilities of detection and phenotyping of these rare cell populations are expanding. My intention in this work is to find maternal microchimerism in embryonic tissues (E13) and intestines of breastfed pups using MHCII/EGFP knock-in mouse model. Several different technologies potentially suitable for the detection of maternal microchimeric cells in offspring tissues (light sheet fluorescent microscopy - LSFM, virtual slide microscopy and flow cytometry) were selected. Advanced analysis of the obtained samples from the light sheet microscopy using the creation of a neural network was used here. The presence of maternal microchimerism was not demonstrated by flow cytometry. Using LSFM, image data were obtained from intestinal samples of suckling pups, which were processed by the neural network method. Data analysis of embryos (E13) obtained by the same method did not allow data analysis due to high...
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Maternal-fetal cellular trafficking: clinical implications and consequences
Knížková, Karolina ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Petr, Jaroslav (referee)
Microchimerism is the presence of small population of cells with a different genetic information within the organism, which can result from bidirectional transfer of the cells between the mother and fetus during pregnancy. It is very studied phenomenon whose biological role is not clear yet. The presence of fetal cells in mother's body is associated with both positive and negative effects on maternal health. Microchimerism plays a role in cancer or autoimmune disease and it is implicated in development of tolerance mechanisms during pregnancy. Microchimerism could be used in prenatal diagnostics for aneuploidies or in prediction of complications during pregnancy.
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